Australia experiences a significant problem with mosquito-borne diseases each year, especially with endemic pathogens like the Ross River virus. The emergence of the Zika virus in South America, the ongoing outbreaks of dengue in Southeast Asia, and the increasing awareness around mosquito-related risks have raised public interest in more effective strategies to prevent mosquito bites. In Australia, large-scale mosquito control programs are limited, especially in New South Wales (NSW), so the use of insect repellents becomes a crucial method to avoid mosquito-borne diseases.
Topical insect repellents are highly recommended by health authorities, and all products sold in Australia must be registered with the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA). While there are many repellents available, the active ingredients commonly used include DEET, picaridin, p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), and a variety of plant-derived ingredients like citronella and eucalyptus oils. Among these, plant-based repellents are becoming increasingly popular due to their numerous benefits, offering a safer and more sustainable alternative to chemical-based products.
What is an Insect Repellant?
Also known as “bug spray”, an insect repellent is an agent applied to skin or clothing to discourage insects from landing and thereby preventing insect bites and insect-borne infections.
How do insect repellents work?
Insect repellents deter mosquitos, ticks, biting flies and other insects by interfering with their ability to find a host. Mosquitos and ticks use heat, movement and visual cues to zero in on a possible host. But ultimately, they are attracted by skin odors and the carbon dioxide we exhale.
When you apply repellent, the active ingredients affect a tick or mosquito’s senses, such as smell and taste. Repellent can make it hard for them to find you, identify you as a host or even land on you.
Why Use Insect Repellents
There is no cure or vaccine for mosquito-borne disease like Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus in Australia. The only way to prevent infection is to avoid being bitten. Topical insect repellents are safe and effective when used according to the instructions on the label. They are widely used and strongly recommended to reduce risk of mosquito bites. There are many products available. Always check the label for suitability, including age range.
What You Should Know About DEET and Picaridin
DEET (Diethyltoluamide) is one of the most widely recognized insect repellents, praised for its effectiveness against a range of mosquito species in Australia. However, there is often a perception that DEET is unpleasant to use or may pose a health risk.Read more about this in the next section.
DEET also has some notable drawbacks. It imparts a greasy feel to the skin upon application. It emits a distinctive—and to many, unpleasant—odor. And it has the ability to dissolve certain plastics and some synthetic materials, including rayon, spandex, and vinyl. This is a particular hazard for sunglasses and plastic eyeglass lenses. (It has no effect on nylon, wool, or cotton.)
Picaridin is a newer option. Created by Bayer in the 1980s, picaridin (pronounced pih-CARE-a-den) is a synthetic compound developed from a plant extract from the genus Piper, the same plant genus that produces table pepper. Unlike DEET, however, picaridin is odorless, non-greasy, and does not dissolve plastics or other synthetics. The one possible concern with picaridin is its relative newness. Insufficient time has passed for long-term health risks (should they exist) to manifest themselves. A limited, but growing, number of repellents contain picaridin, including Cutter Advanced, Sawyer Premium, and Repel Smart Spray.
Public Concern on DEET, Is it Safe?
There is often a perception that DEET is unpleasant to use or may pose a health risk. However, a number of studies that investigated health risks associated with use of topical DEET-based repellents found that, if used as recommended, it poses minimal health risk.
Most of those reported cases involved a misuse of deet products. Ingestion or “dermal application not consistent with label instructions” was the most common source of potential deet toxicity, according to the EPA. The agency concluded that when consumers followed product-label instructions and took reasonable precautions, the health risks of deet essentially vanished.
While these reports are said to be caused by “a misuse of deet products”. Take note that there are inconsistencies in the advice included on registered labels in Australia. Although some provide specific age-related warnings on repellent use, others only contain general warnings about use on children, so it is difficult for health authorities to be specific in warnings about particular active ingredients and their concentrations.
There are also inconsistencies relating to the recommended use of PMD by health authorities internationally. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends PMD-based repellents not be used on children younger than 3 years. However, in Australia, registered products carry an advisory from the APVMA not to use the repellent on children younger than 12 months. A review of recommendations by NSW Health concluded that there was no evidence to support recommendations differing from the advisory registered by the APVMA.
Resource: https://www.phrp.com.au/issues/december-2016-volume-26-issue-5/a-review-of-recommendations-on-the-safe-and-effective-use-of-topical-mosquito-repellents/
Other Harmful effects caused by synthetic insect repellents
The various studies showed that the repellents containing synthetic or man-made active ingredients cause various ill effects especially related to breathing and absorption though skin causing hormonal imbalances during prolonged use. Also, they are not safe to be disposed ofas such to the environment and affect the soil and aquatic life. Synthetic repellents have caused problems such as
(1) resistance to repellents, especially by mosquito species,
(2) toxic residues on environment like soil & water
(3) side effects on health, especially hormonal imbalance on long-term use
(4) affects non target living beings in nature (Marta Ferreira Maia, 2011).
Why Choose Natural Insect Repellents?
Chemicals produced by plants are natural insect repellents and have been used to repel insects since olden times. The main reason for this practice is that locally sourced or grown plants were used because they were known to have insect or pests repelling properties according to ethnobotanical knowledge. This made them to be cost effective and they can be discarded just like any food waste making them environmentally safe. The practices followed in rural areas are now being recognized to a large extent after the ill effects caused by synthetic insect repellents especially after long-term use.
The use of botanicals based repellents has many advantages, due to their:
(1) naturally occurring properties,
(2) high specificity for target insects,
(3) little or no adverse effect on beneficial insects,
(4) slow or less frequent development of insect resistance,
(5) having no unknown environmental hazards
(6) health friendly for long-term use.
Note:Mostly essential oils plant-based repellents like citronella oil, eucalyptus, peppermint oil, cat nip oils are the most used ingredients due to their strong scent that keeps the insects away. Nevertheless, at the same time as they are oils, they are highly volatile and evaporate easily thus not providing efficient repellent activity especially for longer duration (Javed, 2019). The number of essential oils exceeded the recommended level in plant-oil- based repellents could be harmful as high levels are also not beneficial to health. Due to these reasons, synthetic repellents are still used at large especially during outdoor activities. Although plant-based repellents occupy a small niche in the world of synthetic repellents, increasing environmental concerns have led to the use of sustainable, eco-friendly, and nontoxic alternatives. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361277080_The_world_needs_plant-based_insect_repellents_Sustainable_rationale_and_customer_preferences
GIT All-Natural Insect Repellent: A Safe and Effective Choice
For those seeking a natural insect repellent, GIT offers an all-natural solution that combines powerful plant-based ingredients. Its design with 100% pure and natural oil with antibacterial, antifungal, deodorizing, and anti-inflammatory properties Its safe for children, pets, and sensitive skin, GIT is crafted without toxins, synthetic fragrances, fillers, or emulsifiers.
GIT is an all-natural insect repellent formulated with:
-
Sweet Almond Oil: Deeply hydrates and nourishes skin while soothing irritation, leaving it soft and glowing.
-
Studies show that Sweet Almond Oil (SAO) is rich in antioxidants, particularly α-tocopherol (92%), which helps protect the skin from oxidative stress, inflammation, and premature aging. It has been found to support skin barrier repair, making it effective for conditions like xerosis (dry skin) and atopy (eczema), while also reducing inflammation and signs of aging. Widely used as a carrier oil in skincare formulations, SAO promotes hydration, healing, and overall skin health. An updated review on efficacy and benefits of sweet almond evening primrose and jojoba oils in skin care applications.
-
Citronella & Eucalyptus: Known for their refreshing aromas that enhance your outdoor space.
-
It's also the best known is citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), which is used in many commercial repellent preparations. These are particularly marketed for use on children, as natural repellents are perceived to be safer for use on children than DEET. It is recognized as one of the best natural repellents. Curtis et al. (1987) calculated the ED₅₀ (effective dose for 50%) of citronella in laboratory experiments to besimilar to the effective doses of freshly applied DEET. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279241307_Plant-Based_Insect_Repellents
-
Further, citronella, lemon, and eucalyptus oils are common insect repellents and are registered by the EPA and have been approved for topical use in humans. PMD (p-menthane-3,8-diol), proven safe to human health, is the only plant-based repellent advocated by the CDC for public use. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6189689/
-
Tea Tree & Neem Oil: Renowned for their powerful antibacterial, antifungal, and skin-calming properties.
-
Tee Tree Oil: This essential oil has been used for almost 100 years in Australia but is now available worldwide both as neat oil and as an active component in an array of products. The primary uses of tea tree oil have historically capitalized on the antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions of the oil. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the oil and its components, as well as clinical efficacy. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1360273/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
-
Studies also show that someessential oils have the potential to be used for insect control, especially for flies that affect livestock, with tea tree oil being particularly potent. https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/4/558
-
Neem oil is a plant-based, natural insect repellent that has shown promising results in scientific studies. Research published in the Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association found that a 2% neem oil formulation provided 96-100% protection for up to 12 hours against certain mosquito species, particularly Anopheles mosquitoes, which are known carriers of malaria. The same study showed moderate protection against Aedes (85%) and Culex (61-94%) species. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8245950/
-
Neem and its ingredients have therapeutics implication and have been traditionally used worldwide especially in Indian Subcontinent since ancient time.
-
Studies shows that Azadirachta indica (Neem) plant acts as a medicinal plant have been found effective in the treatment of bacterial, fungal, viral and other diseases and revealed the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, antiulcer and other biological activities https://www.phcogj.com/sites/default/files/PJ-11-6s-218%20%281%29.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
(4) Patchouli & Vetiver: Adds a grounding, earthy aroma while helping to balance and soothe the skin.
-
Furthermore, research has shown that Patchouli oil is used in aromatherapy to relieve depression, stress, calm nerves, control appetite and to improve sexual interest. Patchouli also possesses insecticidal, antibacterial and antifungal properties
-
Vetiver has been used in Thailand in traditional medicine, in pest control, and as fragrant materials. The health benefits of Vetiver Essential Oil can be attributed to its properties like anti inflammatory, anti septic, aphrodisiac, cicatrisant, nervine, sedative, tonic and vulnerary.
Where to Buy
You can purchase high-quality natural insect repellents at MedCart, Australia's #1 Medical Marketplace. Visit MedCart to explore available options.
Make the Switch to Natural Insect Repellents
While DEET and picaridin remain effective options, natural insect repellents provide a safer, more sustainable alternative. With proven ingredients like citronella, eucalyptus, tea tree, and neem oil, plant-based repellents offer a non-toxic way to protect yourself from mosquito bites while being kinder to the environment.
Choosing natural repellents is an easy step toward a healthier, more eco-conscious lifestyle. Consider switching to a natural alternative the next time you’re preparing for outdoor activities in Australia’s mosquito-prone areas. Your skin and the planet will thank you.
Using insect repellents safely with adults
Remember these important points to use repellents safely:
Applying the Product
-
Read and follow the label directions to ensure proper use; be sure you understand how much to apply.
-
Apply repellents only to exposed skin and/or clothing. Do not use under clothing.
-
Do not apply near eyes and mouth, and apply sparingly around ears.
-
When using sprays, do not spray directly into face; spray on hands first and then apply to face.
-
Never use repellents over cuts, wounds, or irritated skin.
-
Do not spray in enclosed areas.
-
Avoid breathing a spray product.
-
Do not use it near food.
Other Safety Tips
-
Check the label to see if there are warnings about flammability. If so, do not use around open flames or lit cigarettes.
-
After returning indoors, wash treated skin and clothes with soap and water.
-
Do not use any product on pets or other animals unless the label clearly states it is for animals.
-
Most insect repellents do not work against lice or fleas.
-
Store insect repellents safely out of the reach of children, in a locked utility cabinet or garden shed.
-
Use other preventive actions to avoid getting bitten byMosquitoes and Ticks
Using insect repellents safely with children
Read the label before use – look carefully at the concentration of DEET or picaridin in the product and use the repellent only as directed.
-
Apply using roll-on or if using spray, spray onto your hand and then apply to your child.
-
Use only enough repellent to cover exposed skin in a thin, even layer. Using more repellent than what is required does not make it more effective and may increase skin irritation. Do not use on cuts, wounds or irritated skin.
-
Do not apply to areas around the eyes or mouth.
-
Do not apply to the hands or fingers of young children.
-
When returning indoors, wash repellent off skin with soap and water.
-
If you need to apply both sunscreen and repellent, apply the sunscreen first. Products combining sunscreen and insect repellent are not recommended, as sunscreen generally needs to be reapplied more often than insect repellent.
-
Store repellents out of the reach of children.
Mosquito repellents are one form of protection for babies and toddlers against mosquito bites, but it is important to follow these recommendations.
-
Under 2 months of age - repellents are not recommended.
-
From 2 months of age onwards - repellents containing 10% DEET can be used.
-
From 12 months of age - repellents containing Picaridin can be used.
-
From 3 years of age - repellents containing PMD (p-Menthane-3, 8-diol, the active ingredient in oil of lemon eucalyptus) can be used.
Caution
When protecting babies and toddlers with mosquito repellent, it’s important to:
-
Not allow children to apply repellents themselves.
-
Avoid applying repellents to hands or near their eyes or mouth.
-
Wash their skin and clothes when you go back inside.
-
Always read and follow the instructions on the label, especially for babies and pregnant or breastfeeding women.
How often should I reapply insect repellant
The more DEET a repellent contains the longer time it can protect you from mosquito bites. A higher percentage of DEET in a repellent does not mean that your protection is better—just that it will last longer. DEET concentrates higher than 50% do not increase the length of protection.
A general guide for DEET product use based on a recent study is as follows:
● A product containing 23.8% DEET provided an average of 5 hours of protection from mosquito bites.
● A product containing 20% DEET provided almost 4 hours of protection.
● A product with 6.65% DEET provided almost 2 hours of protection.
● Products with 4.75% DEET and 2% soybean oil were both able to provide roughly 1 1/2 hours of protection.
Remember: If you decide to use a repellent, use only what and how much you need for your situation.
References:
https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/using-insect-repellents-safely-and-effectively
